Undersea Animals/Introduction to Undersea Animals

Box Jellyfish
In this evaluation of the top ten most dangerous marine animals, the box jellyfish is known as the most dangerous due to its unique lethality. There are many types of box jellyfish that live in the ocean. Although there are no official records, many anecdotal evidence shows that tens or even more people are killed by box jellyfish every year. According to data provided by the National Science Foundation, at least 100,000 people die from box jellyfish stings every year in the Philippines alone. The Science Foundation said: In many countries, tragedies caused by box jellyfish do not require the issuance of death certificates, so the number of deaths caused by box jellyfish worldwide may be largely underestimated.
The Australian box jellyfish has ten tentacles, each of which can be up to 10 feet long (approximately 1.3 meters) long. The venom contained in it is enough to kill people. The sting of a box jellyfish can kill a person in as little as 3 minutes. Box jellyfish, found in Hawaii, Florida and other parts of the United States, can cause heart failure in those stung. The most feared member of the box jellyfish family is the man-of-war jellyfish, whose stings can rival the pain of a lightning strike. So far, it is still unknown how many people have been attacked by man-of-war jellyfish.
, Tiger Shark
Due to the publicity of the film, Jaws has attracted everyone's attention. But the most terrifying shark is not the great white, but the tiger shark, which actually kills more people. Except for venomous snakes, there are few animals that can naturally scare people, and sharks are one of them. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says tiger sharks will bite almost anything, including fish, seals, birds, squid, small sharks, dolphins, license plates and even old tires. They can reach up to 10 feet in length and weigh up to tons, making them veritable ocean killers.
Tiger sharks can be found in many tropical and temperate waters, especially around islands in the central Pacific. Records show that the number of great white shark attacks on people per year is indeed higher than that of tiger sharks, but the number of fatal accidents is lower than that of tiger sharks.
As for why sharks missed the chance to win the title of the top ten most dangerous marine animals, we have only a few reasons to explain: the number of shark attacks around the world every year is probably dozens, which is about the same as the number of lightning strikes in the United States. Deaths are roughly the same. In 2016, the only human life in the world was lost to sharks.
, Stonefish
There are two main reasons why stonefish are among the top three: one is that they are the most poisonous fish in the world, and the other is that they are masters of disguise in the animal kingdom. Like a stone, it lies quietly on the seabed, waiting for prey to come to you. Although stonefish do not automatically suggest aggression, no one dares to risk close contact with one. The spines on the stonefish's back protect it from attacks by sharks and other predators. The venom released can cause temporary paralysis and death without treatment.
, Pufferfish
There is an animal that can kill people even if it is made into delicacies and put on the table. It is the pufferfish. Puffer fish, also known as air drum fish, carry toxins in their bodies that are more toxic than cyanide. Japanese chefs with special training will cook safe parts into delicacies, but tragedies in which diners are poisoned and die frequently occur.
The name "air drum" comes from the pufferfish's strong ability to absorb water. After inhaling a lot of water, its volume is twice that of normal conditions. It is worth mentioning that pufferfish also plays a life-saving role. Drugs made from tetrodotoxin can be used to treat withdrawal symptoms caused by chewing heroin and other drugs.
, sea snakes
Humans have a natural fear of snakes, and it is this fear that makes sea snakes easily included in the list. Although they release terrible venom like their land-based counterparts, sea snakes live more like oceanic creatures and therefore do not pose a high risk. When it comes to toxicity, people often compare sea snakes with cobras. The venom they release can paralyze and ultimately kill their prey in just a few seconds. Fortunately, they rarely attack humans, preferring to hunt eels, shellfish, and shrimp.
, Lionfish
Lionfish, also known as lionfish, is a highly anticipated pet in domestic fish tanks. This fish may seem docile, but its fan-shaped spines are also surprisingly venomous. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration states that although it is not fatal to humans, being stung by the thorns can cause headaches, vomiting and difficulty breathing, so it is definitely not a guy to mess with.
Typically, the pain from a sting lasts about half an hour, but some people report that their stinging sensation lasts for weeks. Lionfish are not very aggressive animals. Therefore, people who are injured by lionfish tend to be domestic fish tank owners rather than divers or fishermen.
, Crocodile
Saltwater crocodiles have always held the title of one of the most ferocious predators in the wild animal kingdom. They can exceed feet (about meters) in length and weigh up to 3 pounds (about 3 kilograms). Animals including monkeys, kangaroos, buffaloes and even sharks have become their targets.
During the hunting process, saltwater crocodiles win purely by their strength. They can force buffalo into the water and sometimes attack humans. They first use their powerful jaws to bite their prey, and then use what is called a death roll to drag the prey into the water. Death rolls can also break large animals in half.
, Stingray
Stingrays are commonly known as stingrays. From this name alone, it is not difficult to guess that they are a very dangerous animal. Crocodile hunter Steve Irwin died unexpectedly in 2008 after being stabbed in the heart by a stingray. Irwin's accident undoubtedly enhanced the reputation of stingrays, dangerous relatives of sharks.
At the end of the stingray's tail is a stinger about an inch (approximately .3 centimeters) long with serrated edges. The stinger is made of the same material that makes up shark scales (called scutes). . When threatened, the serrated stinger hardens like a sharp steak knife.
The stinger releases venom, causing fatal injuries to predators. Mote Marine Laboratory stated: This venom is mainly a protein-based toxin that can cause severe pain to mammals and may affect heart rate and breathing. It is worth mentioning that stingrays do not usually attack humans.
, sea lions
The reason why sea lions are among the top ten most dangerous marine animals is that they are very territorial and will certainly not show mercy to intruders without permission. Sea lions are known as smart and trainable animals and are big stars in zoos, but they are also famous in the animal world for their biting behavior.
In 2007, a series of sea lion attacks on people occurred along the coast of Manhattan Beach, Newport Beach and San Francisco, California, which attracted the attention of managers and scientists. Some researchers believe that sea lions may have eaten fish contaminated with toxic algae to exhibit these abnormal behaviors.
The City of San Diego warns on its website: Like all wild animals, seals and sea lions are unpredictable and can become aggressive animals. They have sharp teeth and may charge at people, especially if cornered or disturbed.
, Moray eel
Moray eels have a snake-like body, a prominent snout and a wide jaw. They are members of a family of fish that can reach up to 3 feet in length. Looking at this relatively primitive animal, we will naturally associate it with death. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration states that moray eels have strong jaws and sharp teeth, and the jagged wounds caused by bites can easily be infected by bacteria in the moray eel's mouth.
If a moray eel bites a person out of fear or accident (especially when looking for food), they will usually choose to let go and let you live. During the day, moray eels often lurk in cracks and holes, emerging to hunt at nightfall. They mainly feed on fish or other animals that can be caught by them.
Regarding how to prevent being bitten by moray eels, experts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have put forward two suggestions: one is to never put your hands into underwater rocky holes and cracks; the other is to avoid Do not feed moray eels. It is worth mentioning that many moray eel bites are caused by feeding.
Starfish, coral, crab, octopus, lobster, shellfish, sea cucumber, squid, shrimp, dolphin, goldfish, octopus, oyster, coral, sea urchin, shrimp, jellyfish, seahorse, squid, octopus, manatee, lionfish, stingray, whale, starfish, Dolphin, shark, sea turtle, hermit crab, sea otter, fur seal, walrus, seal, sea anemone, sponge, crab, tube fish, clown fish, sea lion, goldfish, butterfly fish, flounder, spiny river Pufferfish, sea snakes, and yangsuizub
Classification <3>Marine Invertebrates The number of species and phyla is the most complex, accounting for the vast majority of marine animals. The main species are: protozoa (r), sponges (
rr), coelenterates (), platyhelminthes, nemerteans, linear animals, annelids (), molluscs (), arthropods, Brachiopods (B), chaetognaths, bald brachiates, echinoderms () and hemichordates, etc. Among them, brachiopods, chaetognaths, bald brachiates, echinoderms, hemichordates, etc. are unique species in the ocean.
Evolutionary History
The ocean is the oldest habitat, and life originated from the ocean. As early as the Cambrian, representative species of many higher-order taxonomic units such as phyla and classes appeared together, but later many species became extinct, leaving only fossils or a small number of living fossil species, such as nautilus, horseshoe crab, sea bean sprouts, etc. Some continue to descend, and many do not merge into many varieties. As far as living animal phyla are concerned, it can be roughly divided into more than 3 phyla (taxonomists still make new discoveries, revisions and synthesis of the highest-level taxonomic units from time to time). Among them, there are many phyla that live freely in the ocean, and some There are phyla of animals that are only distributed in the ocean and fresh water, but not all animals are only produced on land in fresh water. There is only one phylum of animals that is only produced on land, which shows that the ocean is the mother of life. In addition, among the various phyla of marine invertebrates, many animal phyla have few species and unique forms. These species themselves are the results of evolutionary natural selection
Structural function
These species have great differences in structure and structure. The functions are diversified, and representatives can be found one by one from simple to complex. For example, there are sponges in the digestive tract that do not have a mouth and anus, coelenterates and flatworms that have a mouth but no anus, and those with front and rear separation into mouth and anus. of nemerteans. Due to the high buoyancy of sea water, marine invertebrates have different support structures from terrestrial animals. Some are limited by adsorption force and surface tension. Some are small organisms, and some are filled with mesocolloid layers, such as large floating jellyfish (jellyfish skin is the case). Biological products) Some are sandy-based six-enlarged sponges up to one meter high, some have chitin-based exoskeletons that can support large organisms such as shrimps and crabs, or are mainly made of calcium carbonate, creating a Beautiful but clumsy shells, such as shells and snails. There are also endoskeletons with cells surrounding the outside, such as sea urchins made of calcium carbonate and sea bean sprouts made of calcium phosphate (human bones are mainly made of calcium phosphate). These diverse support systems not only increase the individual size, but also provide muscle attachment for movement, allowing animals to live in various ways. Such diverse organisms are good materials for studying and comparing various topics.
Humans rely on the simplified and complex structure of these animal phyla, the egg cutting pattern during embryonic development, whether the blastopore develops into individual mouths (protostomes) or other composed mouths (deuterostomes), and body control. Based on the method of composition, metazoans are divided into deuterostomes such as chordates, echinoderms, urochordates (ascidians), cephalochordates (amphioxus), etc., and protostomes such as anesthesia, software, arthropods and other animals.
<3>Marine protochordates Protochordates are a type of animal between marine invertebrates and marine vertebrates. Protochordates are all marine, including urochordates (r), such as ascidian cephalochordates, such as amphioxus. Hemichordates, which used to be classified as protochordates, are now recommended by most experts to be placed in invertebrates.
<3>Marine vertebrates Including marine fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. Among them, marine fishes include Cylostomata (), Chondrichthyes () and Bony Fishes (). Marine reptiles include Leatherback (), such as leatherback turtles (), Turtles (), such as loggerhead turtles and hawksbills (r)
Sea snakes, such as green-ringed sea snakes () and green-grey sea snakes (). There are only a few species of marine birds, accounting for only 50% of the international bird species. Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels, boobies, frigatebirds and puffins are all well-known typical marine birds. There are about many kinds of marine birds scattered in my country, some of them are resident birds, and most of them are resident birds. Common marine birds in my country include: white-fronted shearwaters ( ) and black-tailed petrels ( ) of the order Herbiformes (rr), brown boobies ( ) and red-footed boobies ( ) of the order Peleciformes (), swifts ( ) swiftlets ( ) and short-billed swiftlets (brrr), etc. Marine mammals include cetaceans, pinnipeds, and manatees.
Name: Red Sea Star
English name: Scientific name:
Distribution: Indonesia
Survival requirements: Water temperature:~ :.~. Specific gravity:.~
Compatibility: Safe
Character: Warm-tempered Food habits: Carnivorous
Body length: Up to (cm) Difficulty to maintain: Normal
Species are echinoderms, class Starfish, order Acanthora, family Asteridae