What are the characteristics of the official kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty? How to identify the official kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty?

The "official kiln" of the Song Dynasty and the "official kiln" of the Ming and Qing Dynasties have different conceptual orientations and refer to different contents. Official kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty
refers to a specific curtain mouth that specializes in the production of royal porcelain. The kiln site of the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty has not yet been determined due to the Yellow River. There are two kiln sites of the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty. They are all in present-day Hangzhou, one is Xiu Nei Si Guan Kiln, and the other is Suburban Tanxia Guan Kiln. The five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty all produced imperial porcelain
for the emperor. Only the porcelain fired at the mouth of these two kilns is called "official kiln". The "official kiln" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties refers to a special kind of imperial porcelain fired in Jingdezhen. It does not refer to a specific kiln mouth. As long as it is fired according to the order, the porcelain fired at any kiln mouth will be " Guanyao&r.
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Southern Song Dynasty Official Kiln Dishes
The Northern Song Dynasty Official Kiln is called "Bianjing Official Kiln" (commonly known as "Old Official Kiln") in literature and flourished during the Huizong period of the Song Dynasty. According to documentary records, the kiln was located in Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). It is currently impossible to obtain evidence because the official kiln ruins of the Northern Song Dynasty were likely to be buried underground during the flooding of the Yellow River, and the rest of the kiln cannot be ascertained. site, and no other remains of official kilns fired at Northern Song Dynasty kiln sites with clear dates have been found, so the official kiln sites of the Northern Song Dynasty are still blank in the archeology of ancient ceramics. The kiln sites ended with the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. .
The Northern Song Dynasty official kiln porcelain is almost the same as the Ru kiln. The shape and manufacturing process are close to the Ru kiln. The body of the vessel is plain and unadorned, with ribs and convex string patterns often used as decoration. The shape and the placement of the only decorative string patterns are very elegant. The glaze colors and patterns of the old official kilns are one of the most beloved features by ancient and modern collectors
During the baking process, craftsmen took advantage of the high iron content in the soil to apply slightly thinner glaze on the mouth and feet of the vessel, forming a unique "purple mouth iron foot" feature, making the vessel appear more primitive and solemn.
The types of official kiln utensils in the Northern Song Dynasty are relatively small. Except for pans and kuikou washers, most of them are in the shape of antique bronze. Such as guan'er bottles, guan'er bottles
, animal ear stoves, pen washes and other stationery utensils. Dishes, washers and other utensils are fired using the pin method, leaving very small traces of pins on the bottom of the utensils. Other
utensils are fired using the normal firing method. The bottoms of bottles and other utensils are compared with those of other utensils. Slightly higher.
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Round celadon glaze wash from the official kiln of the Song Dynasty
Golden rules from the official kiln collection of the Northern Song Dynasty:
The texture of the official kiln utensils of the Northern Song Dynasty is fine and gray, with dark and light colors. . The glaze is fine, and the glaze surface is azure, pinkish blue and emerald green.
The glaze surface is covered with large patterns. The glaze on the rim of the fired utensils in the official kiln is thin and reveals a purple color. Judging from the items collected in the Palace Museum,
the porcelain bodies of this batch of porcelains considered to be from the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty are purple-black, and the glaze is very thick. The silver is as smooth as piles of fat. After the glaze is applied, it flows slightly. Where the glaze is thin
the purple color is faintly revealed. The bottom of the official kiln utensils of the Northern Song Dynasty was fired using the full-glaze branch firing process, so there will be traces of five round nails close to the foot wall. The unglazed part of the bottom foot reveals the dark sauce-colored "furnace glaze", forming a typical "purple iron foot". Therefore, the purple mouth is a major feature of the official kiln utensils of the Northern Song Dynasty.
After Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty moved south, the royal family established a new kiln in Hangzhou. One is to repair the inner Siguan kiln, and the second is to repair the kiln under the suburban altar. The kiln site of the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty is in Hangzhou
Archaeologists have conducted many excavations in the Wuguishan area and obtained a relatively large amount of physical information. In recent years, the official kiln site was discovered in Laohudong, Hangzhou
. A large number of exquisite porcelain and kiln furniture were unearthed, which provided conditions for the study of official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty. Regarding the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty, Gu Wenjian at the same time had a few simple records in "Ning Xuan Miscellaneous Records": The capital of Xuanzheng State built its own kiln for firing, and it was called "official kiln".
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Round washer in official kiln of Song Dynasty
Golden rules of official kiln collection in Southern Song Dynasty:
The court of Southern Song Dynasty established Jun official kiln and Jiaotanxia official kiln. There are two types of official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty: thick body and thin glaze and thin body and thick glaze. The early porcelain bodies were thinner than those of the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty. Because the fetal bones contained more iron, the color of the bodies was black or gray-black, generally called "black bodies". The traces of glazing can be seen from the cross section of thick-glazed porcelain pieces, and the layers are very clear. The glaze layer of the early Southern Song Dynasty official kilns was not thick, and the glaze surface was moist and had the texture of jade. The glaze colors include azure,
pink blue, cyan gray and similar honey-wax yellow. Among them, azure is the main color, and there are There are different shades, the whole body is glazed, and the shape of the vessel is beautiful. In the late Southern Song Dynasty
the glaze of official kilns was thicker. On the cross-section of the porcelain pieces, traces of multiple glaze applications can be seen. Some glaze layers were even thicker than the porcelain fetal bones. The glaze color was calm and moist
than in the early period. The product has a more jade texture. Regardless of whether the glaze is applied thinly or thickly, it can show a shiny texture. Observe the bubbles in the glaze with a magnifying glass
The existence of bubbles in the authentic Southern Song Dynasty Guan kiln is exactly the opposite of that in the Ru kiln. The bubbles present are small and dense, commonly known as "foam and beads". This is the identification of the Southern Song Dynasty
Important features of official kilns.
The glaze surface of the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty must have flakes of varying density. The collectors have named the flakes with various patterns, such as ice cracks, caviar patterns, etc. The glaze layer at the edges and corners of the utensils
is thin and exposed. The fetal bone is brown or gray, and the mouth edge is ocher or ocher black, commonly known as "purple mouth". The exposed parts of the soles of the feet are ocher, purple-black or ocher-black tire glaze. The glaze has glaze shrinkage points, the glaze surface is like twisted crab claws, and has the characteristics of purple mouth and iron feet. Most of the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty were plain without patterns, and a few
wares occasionally had molded patterns, carved patterns and string pattern decorations.
The main shapes of official kiln utensils in the Southern Song Dynasty include bottles, goblets, stoves, plates, bottles, and study utensils. They are generally small items, mostly neatly trimmed. In terms of firing
there are both foot-wrapped and pad-fired methods. Most of the utensils with large and thin bottoms use the same method of stick firing and pad firing to ensure quality. The shape of the utensils is solemn, elegant and interesting. The pursuit is the beauty of simple materials and pure glaze color. The color tone is elegant and subtle, elegant and refined. It reflects the fashion hobbies and aesthetic tastes of the upper class in the Song Dynasty.
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Southern Song Dynasty Guan Kiln Wide Mouth Zun
Song Dynasty Guan Kiln porcelain has been very valuable since its inception, so there have been imitations in all dynasties. Generally, imitations can be divided into several categories:
The Longquan kiln of the Song Dynasty imitated the official kiln of the Song Dynasty. The porcelain imitated by the official kiln of the Song Dynasty was fired with pad cakes or support rings without support marks. In addition, the Longquan kiln imitations did not use full glaze support firing.
.The official kilns of the Ming and Qing Dynasties imitated the official kilns of the Song Dynasty. Among them, the imitation official kilns of the Ming Dynasty belong to the official imitations, and they were all imitated by the Jingdezhen imperial kilns. These imitations have thicker glazes,
the glaze has large and small patterns, and the glaze color is heavy on pink blue and grayish blue. They do not pay attention to the shape, but focus on the shape. Glaze color. Although the official kilns of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are imitations of the official kilns of the Song Dynasty, they still have high cultural relic value.
.In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, it was imitated by the official kilns of the Song Dynasty. Most of the products imitating official kilns in the Qing Dynasty were pea green, gray blue and moon white glaze colors, with heavy glaze colors and imitations. A few had no openings, and most had large openings. There are two kinds of glaze colors: transparent and devitrified. Many imitations of official kilns in the late Qing Dynasty have the styles or decorative patterns of this dynasty.
.The cracking of the new imitation Song Dynasty official kiln is obviously caused by excessive heating in an instant, rather than the cracking and cracking of the polyglaze kiln that occurs due to the gradual heating of the traditional wood-fired porcelain kiln
The difference is an important link in identifying authenticity.
What I want to say here is that the porcelain from the official kilns of the Song Dynasty, whether from the Southern Song Dynasty or the Northern Song Dynasty, is very few in existence. Chen Liu of the Qing Dynasty said in "Tao Ya"
: The official kilns of the Song Dynasty are by no means experienced. See, few people in the world know this.
It can be seen that in the Qing Dynasty, it was already a top collection of ancient porcelain. Now we are at the peak period of collecting, with real and fake Song Dynasty official kiln porcelain mixed
. The collection situation is not optimistic. In ordinary private trading places, there are basically no Song Dynasty official kiln porcelain, including porcelain pieces
br/> Authentic, because a collection of this level is not something that should appear in ordinary trading situations. What is slightly more likely to be seen are imitations of the Qing Dynasty with similar characteristics, or works from the Longquan kiln of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Even so, they are difficult to see and cannot be given up easily.