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The technological characteristics of ductile
cast iron manhole covers
As specified by the International Organization for Standardization
most ductile iron castings are mainly produced in a non-alloyed state. Obviously, this range includes high-strength grades with a tensile strength greater than
Newton
and an elongation of
. The common material for ductile iron manhole covers is
, with Brinell hardness In
B
. At the other extreme are high plasticity grades with elongation greater than
and corresponding lower strength

as low as
Newton
mm scoop. Strength and elongation are not the only reasons for designers to choose materials. Other decisively important properties include yield strength, elastic modulus, wear resistance, fatigue strength, hardness and impact properties. In addition, corrosion and oxidation resistance as well as electromagnetic properties may be critical to designers. In order to meet these special applications, a group of austenitic ductile iron has been developed, usually called austenitic ductile iron. These austenitic ductile irons are mainly alloyed with zinc, chromium and manganese and are listed in international standards.