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Mold steel can be roughly divided into (
cold work mold steel
), (
hot work mold steel
) and (
plastic mold steel< br/> ) category, used for forging, stamping, cutting, die-casting, etc. Since various molds have different uses and complex working conditions, the steel used for molds should have high hardness, strength, wear resistance, sufficient toughness, and high hardenability and quenching properties according to the working conditions of the molds they are made of. Hardness and other process properties. Due to the different uses and complex working conditions of these types of molds, the performance requirements for mold steel are also different.
Cold work dies include cold punching dies, wire drawing dies, drawing dies, stamping dies, thread rolling dies, thread rolling plates, cold heading dies and cold extrusion dies, etc. Cold work molds are made of steel. According to the working conditions of the tools they are manufactured, they should have high hardness, strength, wear resistance, sufficient toughness, as well as high hardenability, hardenability and other process properties. Alloy tool steel used for this type of purpose generally belongs to high-carbon alloy steel, with a carbon mass fraction of above. Chromium is an important alloying element of this type of steel, and its mass fraction is usually no greater than 1. However, for some mold steels with very high wear resistance requirements and very small deformation after quenching, the highest chromium mass fraction can be reached, and in order to form a large amount of carbides, the carbon mass fraction in the steel is also very high, up to ~. The carbon content of cold work die steel is relatively high, and most of its structures are hypereutectoid steel or ledeburite steel. Commonly used steels include high carbon low alloy steel, high carbon high chromium steel, chromium molybdenum steel, medium carbon chromium tungsten steel, etc.
Hot work dies are divided into several main types: hammer forging, die forging, extrusion and die casting, including hot forging dies, press forging dies, stamping dies, hot extrusion dies and metal die-casting dies. In addition to enduring huge mechanical stress during operation, the thermally deformed mold also has to withstand repeated heating and cooling, which causes great thermal stress. In addition to high hardness, strength, red hardness, wear resistance and toughness, hot work die steel should also have good high temperature strength, thermal fatigue stability, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance. In addition, it is also required to have high Hardenability to ensure consistent mechanical properties across the entire section. For the steel used in die-casting molds, it should also have the performance that the surface layer will not produce cracks after being repeatedly heated and cooled, and can withstand the impact and erosion of liquid metal flow. This type of steel is generally a medium-carbon alloy steel with a carbon mass fraction of ~, which is a hypoeutectoid steel. There are also some steels that become eutectoid or hypereutectoid steels due to the addition of more alloying elements (such as tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, etc.) . Commonly used steels include chromium-manganese steel, chromium-nickel steel, chromium-tungsten steel, etc. Plastic molds include thermoplastic molds and thermosetting plastic molds. Steel for plastic molds requires certain properties such as strength, hardness, wear resistance, thermal stability and corrosion resistance. In addition, it is also required to have good processability, such as heat treatment to reduce the size, good processing performance, good corrosion resistance, good grinding and polishing performance, good repair welding performance, high roughness, good thermal conductivity and stable working conditions, size and shape, etc. . In general, hot work die steel can be used for injection molding or extrusion molding, and cold work die steel can be used for molds requiring high wear resistance and high strength.
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